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Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts: chemicals consisting of hydrocarbons discharged from the cuticle allow the recognition of alien termite species.148149 Each colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is a result of genetic and environmental elements like the termites' diet and the composition of the bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.

Termites rely on alarm communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be discharged when the nest has been broken or is being assaulted by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites constantly avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Additional procedures of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids in the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.

In certain species, a few soldiers block tunnels to prevent their enemies from entering the nest, and they may intentionally repaint themselves as an act of defence.153 In cases where the intrusion is coming out of a breach which is larger than the soldier's mind, defence demands a distinctive formations where soldiers form a phalanx-like formation around the breach and sting at intruders.154 When an invasion carried out by Megaponera analis is successful, an entire colony could be destroyed, even though this scenario is rare.154.

To termites, any violation of the tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites discover a potential breach, the soldiers usually bang their heads, apparently to entice different soldiers for defence and also to recruit additional workers to fix any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite bumps into other termites that causes them to be alerted and to leave pheromone trails to the disturbed area, which can be a means to recruit additional workers.56.

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The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae includes a specialised caste of soldiers, also known as nasutes, that have the capability to exude noxious fluids via a horn-like frontal projection that they utilize for defence.155 Nasutes have dropped their mandibles through the plan of evolution and have to be fed by workers.59 A vast click to investigate array of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the fluids which nasutes secrete.156 Similarly, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to safeguard their nests.157.

Soldiers of those species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis  rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of the cuticles. The thick, yellow fluid in the gland becomes very tacky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects which are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, additionally engages in suicidal defence.

When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a block which denies entry to any outsider.161.

Workers use several different strategies to take care of their deceased, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse altogether.162163164 To prevent pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate conveys away a corpse from the colony to dispose of it everywhere.165 Which strategy is used depends on the nature of the corpse a worker is dealing with (i.e.

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A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These small brown balls, known as"termite balls", seldom kill the eggsand in certain cases the workers tend to these.166 This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behavior exists between different species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain termite species within Reticulitermes.

This chemical mimicry makes it possible for the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes enables the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.

Several species of ant have been known to capture termites to use as a fresh food source later on, rather than killing them. By way of example, Formica nigra captures termites, and people who attempt to escape are instantly seized and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species go in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants such as Megaponera analis assault the outside of mounds and Dorylinae ants attack underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.

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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both occupied and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants live in Nasutitermes mounds is due to the termites' frequent occurrence in their own geographical range; another is to shield themselves from floods.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds although no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than the usual one) is known.116 In rare situations, certain species of termites live inside active ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and reside inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.